By Mark W. Christy, PhD In Ephesians 1:4, Paul states that God “chose us in [Christ] before the foundation of the world.”[i] Among the Calvinists and Arminians, debate exists over whether or not Paul is declaring a doctrine of election where Christians are chosen by God even before creation itself existed. To determine Paul’s intent, this article will offer evidence to support a correct interpretation of Paul’s meaning. Basically, one can either understand Paul to be saying that all Chris...

By Mark W. Christy, PhD In Romans 5:12, Paul utters a theologically rich statement that has been the subject of much conjecture throughout history: “Therefore, just as through one man sin entered into the world, and death through sin, and so death spread to all men, because all sinned.”[i] Within this verse, the majority of the debate surrounds Paul’s intent behind the last phrase, “because all have sinned.” While various interpretations exist, one of the more popular among them holds that h...

By Mark W. Christy, PhD Among Christians, most would agree that Christ exhibited a love that was self-sacrificial. That being said, it is important to understand the biblical contours of His self-sacrificial love and the necessary divine constraints placed on such love by His other divine attributes. This article will discuss the relationship of Christ’s self-sacrificial love to the world and believers, and its connection with the fullness of God’s divine being. Christ’s self-sacrifice on...

By Mark W. Christy, PhD Claiming to be a former Calvinist, Leighton Flowers argues that Calvinists posit a God who “mak[es] vessels undeserving from birth so as to condemn them to display His glory.”[i] Calvinists, he continues, perceive God as being in “meticulous control over everything vessels do” to the extent that the vessels themselves no longer possess any personal responsibility as freewill is nonexistent.[ii] This view, he argues, arises from the according of primacy to God’s sovere...